Colorectal Cancer Overview: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

What is Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. These are parts of your large intestine. This cancer often begins as small growths called polyps. Over time, some polyps can turn into cancer. Because colorectal cancer can grow slowly, early detection is important. According to the CDC, it is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Early signs of colorectal cancer may not be obvious, so regular screening is key.

Common Symptoms

Many people with colorectal cancer do not notice symptoms at first. However, as the cancer grows, you may see changes. For example, you might notice:

Blood in your stool or rectal bleeding

Changes in bowel habits, like diarrhea or constipation

Stools that look thinner than usual

Feeling that your bowel does not empty fully

Unexplained weight loss

Ongoing tiredness or weakness

Stomach pain or cramps that do not go away

Because these symptoms can be caused by other conditions, it is important to talk to your doctor if you notice any changes.

Causes and Risk Factors

Colorectal cancer develops when cells in the colon or rectum grow out of control. While the exact cause is not always clear, several risk factors increase your chances. For instance, you may be at higher risk if you:

Are over age 50

Have a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps

Eat a diet low in fiber and high in red or processed meats

Are overweight or do not exercise often

Smoke or drink alcohol often

Have certain health conditions, like inflammatory bowel disease

Even though some risk factors cannot be changed, healthy habits can help lower your risk.

How Colorectal Cancer is Diagnosed

Doctors use several tests to find colorectal cancer. Early detection through colorectal cancer screening can save lives. Common tests include:

Colonoscopy: A doctor looks inside your colon with a thin tube and camera.

Stool tests: These check for blood or abnormal DNA in your stool.

CT colonography: This is a special scan to view your colon.

Biopsy: If a polyp or lump is found, a small sample is tested for cancer cells.

Because screening can find cancer early, the CDC recommends regular tests starting at age 45 for most people.

Treatment Options

Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on the stage and your overall health. Your doctor will discuss the best plan for you. Common treatments include:

Surgery: Removing cancerous parts of the colon or rectum

Chemotherapy: Using medicine to kill cancer cells

Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to destroy cancer

Targeted therapy: Medicines that attack specific cancer cells

Sometimes, doctors use more than one treatment. Early-stage cancers may need only surgery, while advanced cases may need a mix of treatments.

Prevention Tips and Lifestyle Guidance

While you cannot control every risk factor, you can take steps to lower your chances of getting colorectal cancer. For example, you can:

Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Limit red and processed meats

Stay active and exercise regularly

Keep a healthy weight

Avoid smoking and limit alcohol

Get regular colorectal cancer screening as your doctor suggests

Because healthy habits make a difference, start making small changes today. The World Health Organization also recommends regular check-ups for early detection.

When to See a Doctor

If you notice any symptoms like blood in your stool, ongoing stomach pain, or changes in bowel habits, see your doctor soon. Even if you feel healthy, regular screening is important, especially if you are over 45 or have risk factors. Early action can help prevent serious problems.

For personalized advice on colorectal cancer prevention and care, consult a healthcare professional. Early detection and healthy choices can make a big difference in your health.